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Over a year since Hamas' attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, led to the devastating ongoing war in Gaza, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict seems as far from resolution as it ever has been. This paper suggests a possible pathway towards ending the conflict, not as an immediate solution, but as a viable option once the parties are motivated to seek compromise. The paper begins by arguing that the two-state solution championed by diplomats from the end of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war to this day is no longer realistic. The Oslo Accords that aimed to implement this vision did not deliver, due to continuous violence, accelerated settlement construction in the West Bank and a persistent failure to resolve the key 'Permanent Status' issues (borders, Israeli settlements, security arrangements, Palestinian refugees, the status of Jerusalem). Oslo did nothing to halt the expansion of Israeli West Bank settlements, the population of which, at some 700,000, is three times what it was thirty years ago; nor has it done anything to resolve the plight of the Palestinian refugees, whose numbers have  doubled to almost 6 million since the 1990s. Extremism has overwhelmed moderation in both societies, and the brutality of the past year only underlines the futility of continuing to pursue an Oslo-style two-state approach. The authors argue that there are three broad options: a continuation of a deteriorating status quo, a one-state unitary solution, or a confederal/federal approach. The first two have little promise. Maintaining the status quo means sustained violence and suffering, and a further erosion of Israel’s international standing and moral capital. Promoting the notion of a unified democratic state of Israelis and Palestinians in today's inflamed climate is seen by most Israelis as advocating the end of the Jewish homeland, and will gain no traction in Israel. This leaves the option of some kind of federation of the two peoples: one that preserves their distinct identities and…

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